International Conference on Biochemistry October 10-12, 2016 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

A major branch out from the field of Biochemistry, molecular biochemistry deals with the various aspects of macromolecules at the structural and functional grounds. It deals with the interactions between various systems of the cell including interactions between nucleic acids, proteins, carbohydrates and lipids. Molecular Biochemistry has grown to encompass virtually the wide array of physics, chemistry and biology and medicine. One of the most important aspects of molecular biology is to understand the chemical properties of the molecules. Chemical reactions occur in all living organisms and are needed to maintain life. The various processes within the cell are responsible for reproduction, structure maintenance and autonomic response to stimuli.

Cell signaling is part of a complex system of communication that governs basic cellular activities and coordinates cell actions. The ability of cells to perceive and correctly respond to their microenvironment is the basis of development, tissue repair, and immunity as well as normal tissue homeostasis. Errors in cellular information processing are responsible for diseases such as cancer, autoimmunity, and diabetes. By understanding cell signaling, diseases may be treated effectively and, theoretically, artificial tissues may be created.

The principle of cell signaling is hinged on the fact that cellular communication frequently involves converting signals that carry information from one form to another. During cell communication, the signaling cell releases a particular signaling molecule that is then detected by the target cell. Most animal cells send and receive signals and as such act as both signaling and target cells. Animal cells can communicate through direct contact or by secreting local regulators such as growth factors or neurotransmitters.

Analytical biochemistry is the study of biochemical components found in a cell or other biological sample. This scientific discipline uses a broad range of techniques for separation, identification, quantification and functional characterization of biological molecules like nucleic acids, enzymes, proteins, pigments, carbohydrates and more. The major methods involved in analytical biochemistry to separate the biological components are Spectroscopic techniques, Chromatographic Techniques, Protein Estimation & Purification Techniques and Immunological Techniques.

Clinical biochemistry or chemical pathology is the study of chemical and biochemical mechanisms of the body in relation to disease, mostly through the analysis of body fluids such as blood or urine. Many diseases show significant changes in the chemical composition of body fluids such as the raised blood enzymes due to their release from heart muscles after a heart attack; or a raised blood sugar in diabetes mellitus due to lack of insulin. Biochemical tests are designed to detect these changes qualitatively or quantitatively compared to results from healthy people. Clinical biochemistry use a broad range of analytical techniques and has its applications in clinical chemistry, molecular biology and genetics, therapeutic drug monitoring and toxicology, laboratory immunology and laboratory medicine in general, with the focus on analytical and clinical investigation of laboratory tests in humans used for diagnosis, prognosis, treatment and therapy, and monitoring of disease.

RNA the nucleic acid in majority of plants and viruses and integral part of cell component in animals plays a central role in all cellular processes involving decoding the genome, regulating gene expression, mediating molecular interactions, and catalyzing chemical reactions. RNA Biology covers all aspects of RNA research inclusive of transcription and splicing, post-transcriptional regulation, non-coding RNA, translation and catalysis, RNA localization, RNA in disease and therapy. Noncoding RNAs play a key role in many steps of epigenetic regulation. There are antisense transcripts that can bind by Watson-Crick interactions functional transcripts and short RNA transcripts that are complementary to repeats throughout the genome. It seems that RNA provides the command and control of cells. Some of the noncoding RNAs associate with human diseases. RNA Biology is an excellent medium to discuss the current thinking on RNA, from coding and noncoding to therapeutic strategies based on that still very magic molecule.

Enzymes are very efficient catalysts for biochemical reactions. They speed up reactions by providing an alternative reaction pathway of lower activation energy. Enzyme assays are analytical tools to visualize enzyme activities. Enzyme activity is a measure of how much enzyme is present in a reaction. There are two ways to measure enzyme activity: monitoring the disappearance of substrate or the appearance of product.

Enzymes play a crucial role, without enzymes many of the reactions would not take place at a perceptible rate. Enzymes catalyze all aspects of cell metabolism. Enzymes also have valuable industrial and medical applications. The uses of enzymes in medicine include killing disease-causing microorganisms, promoting wound healing, and diagnosing certain diseases. Enzymes are also engineered, purified and immobilized for future use.

Bioenergetics is the part of biochemistry concerned with the energy involved in making and breaking of chemical bonds in the molecules found in biological organisms. It can also be defined as the study of energy relationships and energy transformations in living organisms. It spans applications of structural biology, molecular modeling, spectroscopy and biophysics in these systems, through bioenergetic aspects of mitochondrial biology including biomedicine aspects of energy metabolism in mitochondrial disorders, neurodegenerative diseases like Parkinson's and Alzheimer's, aging, diabetes and even cancer. Bioenergetics is at higher echelons that enhance the intelligence and information dissemination on topics closely related to study of biomembranes, molecular mechanism of photosynthesis, mitochondrial and bacterial respiration, motility and transport, fossil fuels, biothermodynamics, fish bioenergetics, environmental microbiology, bio process engineering, cellular respiration, mitochondrial disease, electronic coupling fluctuations, electron-transfer proteins, molecular recognition and signal transduction.

Medical Biochemistry is that branch of medicine concerned with the biochemistry and metabolism of human health and disease. The medical biochemist is trained in the operation and management of clinical biochemistry laboratories, and acts as a consultant in all aspects of their use. The medical biochemist directs clinical laboratories, consults, diagnoses and treats patients with a variety of metabolic disorders and biochemical abnormalities. Medical biochemistry addresses the functioning of normal and diseased organisms from a biochemical point of view.

Through modules in neurodegeneration, cardiovascular disease and immunology, one will develop a strong understanding of the implications of biochemistry within medicine alongside the research and experimental skills.

Bioengineering is usually defined as the biological or medical application of engineering principles or engineering equipment to create modified versions of organisms or enhance the populations and products, it is also termed as biomedical engineering. Bioengineering is implemented in fermentation industry, in production of biomass, biofuel. Through various r-DNA techniques and analytical techniques many biomolecules are produced and purified. Protein & Antibody Engineering is one of the recent branches in Bioengineering that has advanced through Bioprocess and Systems Engineering

Pharmaceutical Biochemistry combines the knowledge of biochemistry and chemistry to the necessity of drugs.

It mainly concern with the science of drugs and their clinical use and also with the study of the adverse effects of chemicals on living organisms. It provides a complete understanding of all of the chemical processes associated with living cells at the molecular level that is relevant to drug action. It also helps to gain knowledge about the adverse effects, molecular targets, and characterization of drugs or any chemical substance with respect to the living cells.

Medical Genetics is the science concerned with the chemical and physical nature of genes and the mechanism by which they control the development and maintenance of the organism.

The field of biochemical or molecular genetics is relatively new and is increasingly used to define the cause of many inherited diseases. These diseases usually result from defective protein synthesis, such as hemophilia A and immunodeficiency, and more than 200 so-called 'inborn errors' of metabolism identified thus far in animals, such as mannosidosis and galactosemia, in which lack or alteration of a specific enzyme prohibits proper metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins or fats and thus produces clinical signs.

Utility of nanotechnology to biomedical sciences imply creation of materials and devices designed to interact with the body at sub-cellular scales with a high degree of specificity. This could be potentially translated into targeted cellular and tissue-specific clinical applications aimed at maximal therapeutic effects with very limited adverse-effects. Nanotechnology in biomedical sciences presents many revolutionary opportunities in the fight against all kinds of cancer, cardiac and neurodegenerative disorders, infection and other diseases.